Note: These materials are either not copyrighted, out of print, or performed under contract from the U.S. Government. For such works, the United States Government retains, and the publisher, by accepting the articles for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains, a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.

Periodic additions will appear here. Feel free to send Dan Strom an e-mail if you find this site useful.

Roger D. Caldwell Archives

Essential Reading for BIDUG Members

Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Museum Library

Ainsworth CC, RL Hill, KJ Cantrell, DI Kaplan, MV Norton, RL Aaberg, and EA Stetar. 1994.  "Reconcentration of Radioactive Material Released to Sanitary Sewers in Accordance with 10 CFR Part 20." NUREG/CR-6289, PNL-10193, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC. Keywords: radionuclide; sewage; sludge; 30.7 Mbytes.

Bailey JC, Rohr RC. 1953.  "Air-Borne Contamination Resulting from Transferable Contamination on Surfaces." K-1088. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Union Carbide Nuclear Company, Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant. [With conversions to SI units by Dan Strom]. Bitmap; 0.5 Mbytes.

Brennan MJ. 1997.  "The Presence of Radionuclides in Sewage Sludge and Their Effect on Human Health." WDOH/320/013. Olympia, Washington: Washington State Department of Health. Keywords: sanitary sewer; Bitmap; 0.83 Mbytes.

Cantril ST, Parker HM. 1945.  "The Tolerance Dose." MDDC-1100; CH-2812. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Bitmap; 1.59 Mbytes. http://www.pnl.gov/eshs/pub/pnl552/pnlma552.pdf

Carbaugh EH, DE Bihl, and ME Hevland. 2000.  "Methods and Models of the Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program." PNNL-MA-860, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington. Searchable; 6.17 Mbytes. Chapter 7 contains information on uranium.

Christofano E and WB Harris. 1960.  "The Industrial Hygiene of Uranium Refining." Archives of Environmental Health 1(5):74-96. Bitmap; 5.47 Mbytes.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993.  "National Radon Database". Volume 6: National Residential Radon Survey. EPA 402-R-93-013. Washington, DC: USEPA. Searchable bitmap; 3.12 Mbytes.

Faust LG, Brackenbush LW, Heid KR, Herrington WN, Kenoyer JL, Munson LF, Munson LH, Selby JM, Soldat KL, Stoetzel GA, Traub RJ, Vallario EJ. 1988.  "Health Physics Manual of Good Practices for Plutonium Facilities." PNL-6534. Richland, Washington: Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Bitmap; 168 Mbytes.

Figgins PE. 1961.  The Radiochemistry of Polonium. NAS-NS 3037, National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington, DC. Bitmap; 1.98 Mbytes.

Health and Safety Laboratory (HASL). 1958.  Symposium on Occupational Health Experience and Practices in the Uranium Industry. 246 pp. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, New York. Bitmap; 44.96 Mbytes.

Hickey EE, GA Stoetzel, DJ Strom, GR Cicotte, CM Wiblin, SA McGuire. September 1993.  "Air Sampling in the Workplace." Final Report. NUREG-1400. Washington, DC: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Keywords: aerosol; air; airborne radioactivity concentration; average; averaging; breath; breathing zone air sampling; concentration; decision level; decision threshold; detectable; dose; dose reconstruction; general area air sampling; inference; level; measurement; minimum detectable amount; minimum detectable concentration; NRC; particle size; sampling; statistics; volume; Bitmap; 8.43 Mbytes. The reader is strongly urged to use the decision threshold and detection level (a.k.a. minimum detectable amount) formulas in MARLAP or ISO 11929-1, -2, and -3 in place of the formulas in this paper for reasons explained in Strom and MacLellan 2001.

Kennedy Jr. WE, MA Parkhurst, RL Aaberg, KC Rhoads, RL Hill, and JB Martin. 1992.  "Evaluation of Exposure Pathways to Man from Disposal of Radioactive Materials into Sanitary Sewer Systems." NUREG/CR-5814, PNL-7892, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington. Keywords: radionuclide; sewage; sludge; Bitmap; 16.8 Mbytes.

Kennedy Jr. WE, DL Strenge, RA Meck, and C Daily. 1992.  "Residual Radioactive Contamination from Decommissioning. Technical Basis for Translating Contamination Levels to Annual Total Effective Dose Equivalent. " NUREG/CR-5512, PNL-7994, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington. Bitmap; 31.7 Mbytes.

Mensa M. L'Idiot, Jr. 1 April 2005.   "US Government Agencies Change Radiation Units." Health Physics News XXXIII(4):15.

Lushbaugh CC, KF Hubner, and SA Fry. 1982.  "The Impact of Estimates of Human Radiation Tolerance upon Radiation Emergency Management." Chapter A4 in The Control of Exposure of the Public to Ionizing Radiation in the Event of Accident or Attack. Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, April 27-29, 1981, Reston, Virginia, eds. LV Spencer, LS Taylor, JC Greene, DW Bensen, and R Park, pp. 46-57. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland. Bitmap; 3.91 Mbytes. Note the copyright disclaimer at the top of this page. This document also contains the Table of Contents of the Proceedings, which are available from the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.

McCall RC, Casey WR, Coulson LV, McCaslin JB, Miller AJ, Crook KF, Simmons TN. 1988.  "Health Physics Manual of Good Practices for Accelerator Facilities." SLAC-327. Stanford, California: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Bitmap; 70 Mbytes.

Mishima J, Hunt J, Kittinger WD, Langer G, Ratchford D, Ritter PD, Rowan D, Stafford RG, Selby JM, Vallario EJ. 1988.  "Health Physics Manual of Good Practices for the Prompt Detection of Plutonium in the Workplace." PNL-6612. Richland, Washington: Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Bitmap; 44 Mbytes.

Munson LH, Herrington WN, Higby DP, Kathren RL, Merwin SE, Stoetzel GA, Vallario EJ. 1988.  "Health Physics Manual of Good Practices for Reducing Radiation Exposure to Levels that Are As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)." PNL-6577. Richland, Washington: Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Bitmap; 77 Mbytes.

National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council. 1956.  "Pathologic Effects of Atomic Radiation." Publication 456, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Bitmap; 20.5 Mbytes.

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 1957.  "Protection Against Neutron Radiation Up to 30 Million Electron Volts." NBS Handbook 63; NCRP Report No. 20. Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents. Bitmap; 3.97 Mbytes.

Nicholson WL. September 1963.  "Fixed Time Estimation of Counting Rates with Background Corrections." AEC Research and Development Report HW-76279. Richland, Washington: Hanford Works. Only the 57-page text is reproduced here. Bitmap; 4.86 Mbytes. Nicholson's decision threshold rules for counting were evaluated by  Strom and MacLellan (2001).

Rich BL, Hinnefeld SL, Lagerquist CR, Mansfield WG, Munson LH, Wagner ER, Vallario EJ. 1988.  "Health Physics Manual of Good Practices for Uranium Facilities." EGG-2530. Idaho Falls, Idaho: Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Bitmap; 175 Mbytes.

Ron E and FO Hoffman, eds. 1999. Uncertainties in Radiation Dosimetry and Their Impact on Dose-Response Analyses. NIH Publication no. 99-4541, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland. Bitmap; 13.2 Mbytes.

Sikov MR and TE Hui. 1996. Contribution of Maternal Radionuclide Burdens to Prenatal Radiation Doses. NUREG/CR-5631, PNL-7445 Rev. 2. Richland, Washington: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Bitmap; 35 Mbytes.

Stevenson PC. 1966.  "Processing of Counting Data," NAS-NS-3109, Livermore, California, National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council. Nuclear Science Series, Radiochemical Techniques. Like Rainwater & Wu (1947), Friedlander & Kennedy (1955 and 1963), and Little (1982), Stevenson presents a Bayesian approach to interpreting counting data, using a uniform prior probability distribution. Bitmap; 14.6 Mbytes.

Swaja RE, CS Sims, and AJ Roecklein. 1984. Occupational Radiological Monitoring at Uranium Mills. NUREG/CR-3598 ORNL-6023, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Bitmap; 6.3 Mbytes.

Taylor LS. 1984.  "The Tri-Partite Conferences on Radiation Protection. Canada, United Kingdom, United States (1949-1953)" NVO-271. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. A goldmine of early radiation protection standards setting, including the birth of "Standard Man." These have been re-typed from original copies. See Warren et al. 1949, below, for an example of an original. Bitmap; 27.2 Mbytes.

Thomas J. 1963.  "Interpretation of Low-Activity Counting". Risö Report No. 70. Risö, Denmark: Danish Atomic Energy Commission; 11-1-1963. An early classic on counting. Bitmap; 10.3 Mbytes. Thomas (1963) gives a full Bayesian treatment of the counting statistics problem, with answers for the expectation value of activity and its relative standard deviation on pages 29 and 30, respectively, with tabulations of those results for n₁ counts from [sample + background], and n₂ counts from background alone. The derivation is done based on the “fictive activity” of background, b, and the actual activity of the sample, a.

The reader may wish to begin with the summary on pages 29-31, in which the main results are presented. The rather elaborate formula for the expectation of a, E[a], is shown to asymptotically approach n₁ - n₂, as the numbers of observed counts grow large, as would be expected from Bohr's Correspondence Principle. However, the relative standard deviation D[a]/E[a], asymptotically approaches a number somewhat larger than derived from classical statistics:

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Warren S, AC Chamberlain, GJ Neary, EF Edson, GO Failla, JG Hamilton, L Hempelman, HM Parker, KZ Morgan, BS Wolf, A Brues, LS Taylor, W Langham, D Hoffman, WB Lewis, AJ Cipriani, GC Laurence, H Carmichael, GH Guest, E Renton, GE McMurtrie, and AO Braaten. 1949.  "Minutes of the Permissible Doses Conference Held at Chalk River, Canada, September 29th-30th, 1949." R.M.-10, Tri-Partite Conference, Chalk River, Canada. Bitmap; 2.85 Mbytes See Taylor (1984) above for all of the Tri-Partite Conferences (retyped).

Traub RJ, Jensen GA. 1995. "Tritium radioluminescent devices, Health and Safety Manual". PNL-10620, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington. Text file; 0.645 Mbytes

UNC Geotech. 1990. "Results of the U.S. Department of Energy Indoor Radon Study." Volume 2, Appendix F. DOE/ID/12584-75 v.2; CNG/GJ-TP-2, U.S. Department of Energy, Grand Junction, Colorado. Originally published on 5-1/4 inch HD floppy disk as a file named VOLUME2 [no extension] dated 1991 August 22. Text file; 0.657 Mbytes

Other Copyrighted Classic Statistics Papers with Bayesian Reasoning and "N+1" as the Expectation Value of Sampling from a Poisson Distribution

Dr. Gerhart Friedlander traces the "N+1" result to Richard W. Dodson. Friedlander says that Dodson presented it in "a set of three lectures on counting statistics that he gave at Los Alamos in the fall of 1945 in the framework of a course on radiochemistry given by Joe Kennedy and me. It was the lecture notes from that course that became the basis of our 1949 textbook" [Friedlander G and JW Kennedy. 1949. Introduction to Radiochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York]. "To the best of my knowledge Dodson never published his notes on counting statistics (although I remember urging him to do so) because he felt that they didn't really contain anything new or original." (E-mail communication from Gerhart Friedlander to Daniel J. Strom, 1 June 2005)

Friedlander G, Kennedy JW, Miller JM. 1955 & 1963. Nuclear and Radiochemistry. 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The 1963 reference has a section on “Statistical Inference and Bayes’ Theorem” (pp. 178-181).

Little RJA. 1982. The Statistical Analysis of Low-Level Radioactivity in the Presence of Background Counts. Health Phys. 43(5):693-703. A Bayesian approach to counting with a uniform positive prior probability distribution.

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