Staff information

Biography

Ben is interested in how the climate responds to radiative forcing across a wide variety of spatial and temporal scales. His primary method of investigating climate forcing and feedbacks is through simulations of geoengineering, or deliberate interventions into the climate system to counteract some of the effects of human-induced climate change. He is the coordinator of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP), a worldwide effort to understand common climate model responses to various geoengineering scenarios.

For more information about Ben's research interests, publications, and current projects, please visit http://www.benkravitz.net/.

Research Interests

• Climate modeling
• Climate feedbacks
• Geoengineering
• Volcanic eruptions
• Aerosol radiative forcing
• Control of dynamical systems

Education and Credentials

• Ph.D., 2011, Rutgers University, Atmospheric Science
• M.S., 2009, Rutgers University, Atmospheric Science
• M.S., 2007, Purdue University, Mathematics
• B.A., 2004, Northwestern University, Mathematics

Affiliations and Professional Service

• American Geophysical Union
• American Association for the Advancement of Science

Awards and Recognitions

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Early Career Scientist Award
• PNNL Outstanding Performance Award in recognition of "Significant Contributions and Exceptional Efforts to the Success of the Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division"

PNNL Publications

2023

• Bednarz E., D. Visioni, A.H. Butler, B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, and S. Tilmes. 2023. "Potential Non-Linearities in the High Latitude Circulation and Ozone Response to Stratospheric Aerosol Injection." Geophysical Research Letters 50, no. 22:Art. No. e2023GL104726. PNNL-SA-195035. doi:10.1029/2023GL104726
• Goddard P.B., B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, D. Visioni, E. Bednarz, and W.R. Lee. 2023. "Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Can Reduce Risks to Antarctic Ice Loss Depending on Injection Location and Amount." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 128, no. 22:Art. No. e2023JD039434. PNNL-SA-195037. doi:10.1029/2023JD039434
• MacMartin D., B.S. Kravitz, and P.B. Goddard. 2023. "Transboundary effects from idealized regional geoengineering." Environmental Research Communications 5, no. 9:Art. No. 091004. PNNL-SA-195036. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/acf441

2022

• Cheng W., D. MacMartin, B.S. Kravitz, D. Visioni, E. Bednarz, Y. Xu, and Y. Luo, et al. 2022. "Changes in Hadley circulation and intertropical convergence zone under strategic stratospheric aerosol geoengineering." npj Climate and Atmospheric Science 5. PNNL-SA-179464. doi:10.1038/s41612-022-00254-6
• Goddard P.B., B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, and H. Wang. 2022. "The Shortwave Radiative Flux Response to an Injection of Sea Salt Aerosols in the Gulf of Mexico." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 127, no. 21:Art. No. e2022JD037067. PNNL-SA-179700. doi:10.1029/2022JD037067
• Jones A., J. Haywood, A.A. Scaife, O. Boucher, M. Henry, B.S. Kravitz, and T. Lurton, et al. 2022. "The impact of stratospheric aerosol intervention on the North Atlantic and Quasi-Biennial Oscillations in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G6sulfur experiment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 5:2999-3016. PNNL-SA-179474. doi:10.5194/acp-22-2999-2022
• Kravitz B.S., and T. Sikka. 2022. "Conducting More Inclusive Solar Geoengineering Research: A Feminist Science Framework." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 6, no. 3:1636 - 1660. PNNL-SA-161366. doi:10.1177/25148486221132831
• Kuswanto H., B.S. Kravitz, B. Miftahurrohmah, F. Fauzi, A. Sopahaluwaken, and J. Moore. 2022. "INBOUND APPOINTEE PUBLICATION Impact of Solar Geoengineering on Temperatures over the Indonesian Maritime Continent." International Journal of Climatology 42, no. 5:2795-2814. PNNL-SA-161429. doi:10.1002/joc.7391
• Quaglia I., D. Visioni, G. Pitari, and B.S. Kravitz. 2022. "An approach to sulfate geoengineering with surface emissions of carbonyl sulfide." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 9:5757-5773. PNNL-SA-179463. doi:10.5194/acp-22-5757-2022
• Ren H., E. Cromwell, B.S. Kravitz, and X. Chen. 2022. "Technical note: Using Long Short-term Memory Models to Fill Data Gaps in Hydrological Monitoring Networks." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 7:1727-1743. PNNL-SA-161724. doi:10.5194/hess-26-1727-2022
• Smith W., U. Bhattarai, D. MacMartin, W. Lee, D. Visioni, B.S. Kravitz, and C.V. Rice. 2022. "A subpolar-focused stratospheric aerosol injection deployment scenario." Environmental Research Communications 4, no. 9:Art. No. 095009. PNNL-SA-179462. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ac8cd3
• Tye M., K. Dagon, M. Molina, J. Richter, D. Visioni, B.S. Kravitz, and S. Tilmes. 2022. "Indices of extremes: geographic patterns of change in extremes and associated vegetation impacts under climate intervention." Earth System Dynamics 13, no. 3:1233-1257. PNNL-SA-179470. doi:10.5194/esd-13-1233-2022

2021

• Aksamit N., B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, and G. Haller. 2021. "Harnessing Stratospheric Diffusion Barriers for Enhanced Climate Geoengineering." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 11:8845-8861. PNNL-SA-160577. doi:10.5194/acp-21-8845-2021
• Bhowmick M., S.K. Mishra, B.S. Kravitz, S. Sahany, and P. Salunke. 2021. "Response of the Indian Summer Monsoon to Global Warming, Solar Geoengineering and its Termination." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1:9791. PNNL-SA-146264. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89249-6
• Jones A., J. Haywood, A.C. Jones, S. Tilmes, B.S. Kravitz, and A. Robock. 2021. "North Atlantic Oscillation response in GeoMIP experiments G6solar and G6sulfur: why detailed modelling is needed for understanding regional implications of solar radiation management." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 2:1287-1304. PNNL-SA-160047. doi:10.5194/acp-21-1287-2021
• Kravitz B.S., D. MacMartin, D. Visioni, O. Boucher, J.N. Cole, J. Haywood, and A. Jones, et al. 2021. "Comparing different generations of idealized solar geoengineering simulations in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 6:4231-4247. PNNL-SA-160572. doi:10.5194/acp-21-4231-2021
• Lee W., D. MacMartin, D. Visioni, and B.S. Kravitz. 2021. "INBOUND APPOINTEE PUBLICATION High-latitude stratospheric aerosol geoengineering can be more effective if injection is limited to spring." Geophysical Research Letters 48, no. 9:Article No. e2021GL092696. PNNL-SA-161397. doi:10.1029/2021GL092696
• Visioni D., D. MacMartin, and B.S. Kravitz. 2021. "Is turning down the sun a good proxy for stratospheric sulfate geoengineering?." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126, no. 5:e2020JD033952. PNNL-SA-160017. doi:10.1029/2020JD033952
• Visioni D., D. MacMartin, B.S. Kravitz, O. Boucher, A. Jones, T. Lurton, and M. Martine, et al. 2021. "Identifying the sources of uncertainty in climate model simulations of solar radiation modification with the G6sulfur and G6solar Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) simulations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 13:10039-10063. PNNL-SA-160602. doi:10.5194/acp-21-10039-2021
• Woodard D.L., A.N. Shiklomanov, B.S. Kravitz, C.A. Hartin, and B. Bond-Lamberty. 2021. "A permafrost implementation in the simple carbon-climate model Hector v.2.3pf." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 7:4751-4767. PNNL-SA-158216. doi:10.5194/gmd-14-4751-2021

2020

• Ayala A., C. Drazic, B.J. Hutchinson, B.S. Kravitz, and C. Tebaldi. 2020. "Loosely Conditioned Emulation of Global Climate Models With Generative Adversarial Networks." In NeurIPS 2020 Workshop Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning, December 11, 2020. PNNL-SA-157069.
• Buck H.J., L.J. Martin, O. Geden, P. Kareiva, L. Koslov, W. Krantz, and B.S. Kravitz, et al. 2020. "Evaluating the Efficacy and Equity of Environmental Stopgap Measures." Nature Sustainability 3, no. 7:499-504. PNNL-SA-152534. doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0497-6
• Dorheim K.R., R.P. Link, C.A. Hartin, B.S. Kravitz, and A.C. Snyder. 2020. "Calibrating simple climate models to individual Earth system models: Lessons learned from calibrating Hector." Earth and Space Science 7, no. 11:e2019EA000980. PNNL-SA-148567. doi:10.1029/2019EA000980
• Gertler C., P. O'Gorman, B.S. Kravitz, J. Moore, S.J. Phipps, and S. Watanabe. 2020. "Weakening of the Extratropical Storm Tracks in Solar Geoengineering Scenarios." Geophysical Research Letters 47, no. 11:Art. No. e2020GL087348. PNNL-SA-160562. doi:10.1029/2020GL087348
• Kravitz B.S., A. Robock, and D. MacMartin. 2020. "The Road toward Process-Level Understanding of Solar Geoengineering through a Multimodel Intercomparison." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 9:E1572-E1575. PNNL-SA-160579. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0209.1
• Kravitz B.S., A. Robock, and J. Moore. 2020. "New Frontiers in Geoengineering Research." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 1:E87-E89. PNNL-SA-152525. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0327.1
• Kravitz B.S., and D. MacMartin. 2020. "Uncertainty and the basis for confidence in solar geoengineering research." Nature Reviews Earth and Environment 1, no. 1:64-75. PNNL-SA-146284. doi:10.1038/s43017-019-0004-7
• Lee W., D. MacMartin, D. Visioni, and B.S. Kravitz. 2020. "Expanding the design space of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering to include precipitation-based objectives and explore trade-offs." Earth System Dynamics 11, no. 4:1051-1072. PNNL-SA-160016. doi:10.5194/esd-11-1051-2020
• Tilmes S., D. MacMartin, J. Lenaerts, L. Van Kampenhout, L. Muntjewerf, L. Xia, and C.S. Harrison, et al. 2020. "Reaching 1.5 and 2.0°C global surface temperature targets using stratospheric aerosol geoengineering." Earth System Dynamics 11, no. 3:579-601. PNNL-SA-152096. doi:10.5194/esd-11-579-2020
• Weber T., A. Corotan, B.J. Hutchinson, B.S. Kravitz, and R.P. Link. 2020. "Technical Note: Deep Learning for Creating Surrogate Models of Precipitation in Earth System Models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 4:2303-2317. PNNL-SA-141681. doi:10.5194/acp-20-2303-2020
• Yang C., F.M. Hoffman, D.M. Ricciuto, S. Tilmes, L. Xia, D. MacMartin, and B.S. Kravitz, et al. 2020. "Assessing Terrestrial Biogeochemical Feedbacks in A Strategically Geoengineered Climate." Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 10:Article No. 104043. PNNL-SA-152535. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abacf7

2019

• Cheng W., D. MacMartin, K. Dagon, B.S. Kravitz, S. Tilmes, J. Richter, and M. Mills, et al. 2019. "Soil moisture and other hydrological changes in a stratospheric aerosol geoengineering large ensemble." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 23:12773-12793. PNNL-SA-146268. doi:10.1029/2018JD030237
• Hecht M., M. Veneziani, W. Weijer, B.S. Kravitz, S.M. Burrows, D. Comeau, and E.C. Hunke, et al. 2019. "E3SMv0-HiLAT: A Modified Climate System Model Targeted for the Study of High=Latitude Processes." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 11, no. 8:2814-2843. PNNL-SA-137621. doi:10.1029/2018MS001524
• Jiang J., L. Cao, D. MacMartin, I. Simpson, B.S. Kravitz, W. Cheng, and D. Visioni, et al. 2019. "Stratospheric sulfate aerosol geoengineering could alter the high-latitude seasonal cycle." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 23:14,153-14,163. PNNL-SA-152144. doi:10.1029/2019GL085758
• Kravitz B.S. 2019. "Managing Uncertainties in Climate Engineering." Eos 100, no. (January 23, 2019). PNNL-SA-138066. doi:10.1029/2019EO105317
• Kravitz B.S., D. MacMartin, S. Tilmes, J. Richter, M. Mills, J. Lamarque, and J. Tribbia, et al. 2019. "Holistic Assessment of SO2 Injections using CESM1(WACCM): Introduction to the Special Issue." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 2:444-450. PNNL-SA-136054. doi:10.1029/2018JD029293
• Kravitz B.S., D. MacMartin, S. Tilmes, J. Richter, M. Mills, W. Cheng, and K. Dagon, et al. 2019. "Comparing surface and stratospheric impacts of geoengineering with different SO2 injection strategies." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 14:7900-7918. PNNL-SA-141301. doi:10.1029/2019JD030329
• Link R.P., A.C. Snyder, C.D. Lynch, C.A. Hartin, B.S. Kravitz, and B. Bond-Lamberty. 2019. "Fldgen v1.0: an emulator with internal variability and space-time correlation for Earth system models." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 4:1477-1489. PNNL-SA-132926. doi:10.5194/gmd-12-1477-2019
• MacMartin D., and B.S. Kravitz. 2019. "Mission-driven research for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 116, no. 4:1089-1094. PNNL-SA-136053. doi:10.1073/pnas.1811022116
• MacMartin D., and B.S. Kravitz. 2019. "The Engineering of Climate Engineering." Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems 2. PNNL-SA-135788. doi:10.1146/annurev-control-053018-023725
• MacMartin D., W. Wang, B.S. Kravitz, S. Tilmes, J. Richter, and M. Mills. 2019. "Timescale for detecting the climate response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 3:1233-1247. PNNL-SA-134487. doi:10.1029/2018JD028906
• Puchko A.V., R.P. Link, B.J. Hutchinson, A.C. Snyder, and B.S. Kravitz. 2019. "DeepClimGAN: A High-Resolution Climate Data Generator." In NeurIPS 2019 Workshop Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning, December 14, 2019, Vancouver BC. PNNL-SA-147276.
• Simpson I., S. Tilmes, J. Richter, B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, M. Mills, and J. Fasullo, et al. 2019. "The regional hydroclimate response to stratospheric sulfate geoengineering and the role of stratospheric heating." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 23:12587-12616. PNNL-SA-146272. doi:10.1029/2019JD031093
• Snyder A.C., R.P. Link, K.R. Dorheim, B.S. Kravitz, B. Bond-Lamberty, and C.A. Hartin. 2019. "Joint emulation of Earth System Model temperature-precipitation realizations with internal variability and space-time and cross-variable correlation: fldgen v2.0 software description." PLoS One 14, no. 10:Article No. e0223542. PNNL-SA-138495. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223542
• Visioni D., D. MacMartin, B.S. Kravitz, S. Tilmes, M. Mills, J. Richter, and M.P. Boudreau. 2019. "Seasonal injection strategies for stratospheric aerosol geoengineering." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 13:7790-7799. PNNL-SA-146267. doi:10.1029/2019GL083680

2018

• Fasullo J., S. Tilmes, J. Richter, B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, M. Mills, and I. Simpson. 2018. "Persistent Polar Ocean Warming in a Strategically Geoengineered Climate." Nature Geoscience 11, no. 12:910-914. PNNL-SA-132504. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0249-7
• Fletcher C.G., B.S. Kravitz, and B. Badawy. 2018. "Quantifying uncertainty from aerosol and atmospheric parameters and their impact on climate sensitivity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 23:17529-17543. PNNL-SA-137490. doi:10.5194/acp-18-17529-2018
• Ji D., S. Fang, C.L. Curry, H. Kashimura, S. Watanabe, J.N. Cole, and A. Lenton, et al. 2018. "Extreme temperature and precipitation response to solar dimming and stratospheric aerosol geoengineering." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 14:10133-10156. PNNL-SA-132309. doi:10.5194/acp-18-10133-2018
• Keller D.P., A. Lenton, V. Scott, N.E. Vaughan, N. Bauer, D. Ji, and C.D. Jones, et al. 2018. "The Carbon Dioxide Removal Model Intercomparison Project (CDRMIP): Rationale and Experimental Protocol for CMIP6." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 3:1133-1160. PNNL-SA-127577. doi:10.5194/gmd-11-1133-2018
• Kelly P.J., B.S. Kravitz, J. Lu, and L. Leung. 2018. "Remote drying in the North Atlantic as a common response to precessional changes and CO2 increase over land." Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 8:3615-3624. PNNL-SA-131183. doi:10.1002/2017GL076669
• Kravitz B.S., A. Robock, O. Boucher, M.G. Lawrence, J. Moore, U. Niemeier, and T. Storelvmo, et al. 2018. "The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project- Introduction to the Second Special Issue." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. Special Issue:Preface 1-9. PNNL-SA-133630. doi:10.5194/acp-special_issue376-preface
• Kravitz B.S., P.J. Rasch, H. Wang, A. Robock, C. Gabriel, O. Boucher, and J.N. Cole, et al. 2018. "The climate effects of increasing ocean albedo: An idealized representation of solar geoengineering." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 17:13097-13113. PNNL-SA-133629. doi:10.5194/acp-18-13097-2018
• Madronich S., S. Tilmes, B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, and J. Richter. 2018. "Response of Surface Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation to Stratospheric SO2 Injections." Atmosphere 9, no. 11:Article No. 432. PNNL-SA-138064. doi:10.3390/atmos9110432
• Plazzotta M., R. Seferian, H. Douville, B.S. Kravitz, and J. Tjiputra. 2018. "Land Surface Cooling Induced by Sulfate Geoengineering Constrained by Major Volcanic Eruptions." Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 11:5663-5671. PNNL-SA-128087. doi:10.1029/2018GL077583
• Seneviratne S.I., S. Phipps, A.J. Pitman, A.L. Hirsch, E.L. Davin, M.G. Donat, and M. Hirschi, et al. 2018. "Land radiative management as a contributor to regional-scale climate adaptation and mitigation." Nature Geoscience 11, no. 2:88-96. PNNL-SA-126702. doi:10.1038/s41561-017-0057-5
• Stjern C., H.O. Muri, L. Ahlm, O. Boucher, J.N. Cole, D. Ji, and A. Jones, et al. 2018. "Response to Marine Cloud Brightening in a Multi-Model Ensemble." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 2:621-634. PNNL-SA-127576. doi:10.5194/acp-18-621-2018
• Tilmes S., J. Richter, B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, M. Mills, I. Simpson, and A.S. Glanville, et al. 2018. "CESM1(WACCM) Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble Project." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 11:2361-2371. PNNL-SA-132201. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0267.1
• Tilmes S., J. Richter, M. Mills, B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, R.R. Garcia, and D.E. Kinnison, et al. 2018. "Effects of Different Stratospheric SO2 Injection Altitudes on Stratospheric Chemistry and Dynamics." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 123, no. 9:4654-4673. PNNL-SA-131000. doi:10.1002/2017JD028146

2017

• Ahlm L., A. Jones, C. Stjern, H. Muri, B.S. Kravitz, and J.E. Kristjansson. 2017. "Marine cloud brightening - as effective without clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 21:13071-13087. PNNL-SA-126314. doi:10.5194/acp-17-13071-2017
• Gabriel C., A. Robock, L. Xia, B. Zambri, and B.S. Kravitz. 2017. "The G4Foam Experiment: Global Climate Impacts of Regional Ocean Albedo Modification." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 1:595-613. PNNL-SA-122915. doi:10.5194/acp-17-595-2017
• Irvine P., B.S. Kravitz, M.G. Lawrence, D. Gerten, C. Caminade, S. Gosling,, and E. Hendy, et al. 2017. "Towards a comprehensive climate impacts assessment of solar geoengineering." Earth's Future 5, no. 1:93-106. PNNL-SA-115412. doi:10.1002/2016EF000389
• Kashimura H., M. Abe, S. Watanabe, T. Sekiya, D. Ji, J. Moore, and J.N. Cole, et al. 2017. "Shortwave radiative forcing, rapid adjustment, and feedback to the surface by sulfate geoengineering: Analysis of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project G4 scenario." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 5:3339-3356. PNNL-SA-118834. doi:10.5194/acp-17-3339-2017
• Kravitz B.S., A. Robock, and J.E. Kristjansson. 2017. "Understanding How Climate Engineering Can Offset Climate Change: Sixth Meeting of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project, Oslo, Norway, 21-22 June 2016." Eos 98. PNNL-SA-119170. doi:10.1029/2016EO005279
• Kravitz B.S., A. Robock, and S. Tilmes. 2017. "New Paths in Geoengineering." Eos 97. PNNL-SA-112628. doi:10.1029/2016EO045915
• Kravitz B.S., and A. Robock. 2017. "Vetting new models of climate responses to geoengineering: The Seventh Meeting of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project; Newry, Maine, 26 July 2017." Eos 98. PNNL-SA-128898. doi:10.1029/2017EO089383
• Kravitz B.S., C.D. Lynch, C.A. Hartin, and B. Bond-Lamberty. 2017. "Exploring precipitation pattern scaling methodologies and robustness among CMIP5 models." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 5:1889-1902. PNNL-SA-121575. doi:10.5194/gmd-10-1889-2017
• Kravitz B.S., D. MacMartin, M. Mills, J. Richter, S. Tilmes, J. Lamarque, and J. Lamarque, et al. 2017. "First simulations of designing stratospheric sulfate aerosol geoengineering to meet multiple simultaneous climate objectives." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122, no. 23:12616-12634. PNNL-SA-124386. doi:10.1002/2017JD026874
• Kravitz B.S., D. MacMartin, P.J. Rasch, and H. Wang. 2017. "Technical Note: Simultaneous fully dynamic characterization of multiple input-output relationships in climate models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 4:2525-2541. PNNL-SA-119611. doi:10.5194/acp-17-2525-2017
• Lynch C.D., C.A. Hartin, B. Bond-Lamberty, and B.S. Kravitz. 2017. "An open-access CMIP5 pattern library for temperature and precipitation: Description and methodology." Earth System Science Data 9, no. 1:281-292. PNNL-SA-125442. doi:10.5194/essd-9-281-2017
• MacMartin D., B.S. Kravitz, S. Tilmes, J. Richter, M. Mills, J. Lamarque, and J. Tribbia. 2017. "The climate response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering can be tailored using multiple injection locations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122, no. 23:12574-12590. PNNL-SA-124473. doi:10.1002/2017JD026868
• Mills M., J. Richter, S. Tilmes, B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, A.S. Glanville, and J. Tribbia, et al. 2017. "Radiative and Chemical Response to Interactive Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols in Fully Coupled CESM1(WACCM)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122, no. 23:13061-13078. PNNL-SA-124898. doi:10.1002/2017JD027006
• Richter J., S. Tilmes, M. Mills, J. Tribbia, B.S. Kravitz, D. MacMartin, and F. Vitt, et al. 2017. "Stratospheric Dynamical Response and Ozone Feedbacks in the Presence of SO2 Injections." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122, no. 23:12,557-12,573. PNNL-SA-124853. doi:10.1002/2017JD026912

2016

• Haywood J., A. Jones, N. Dunstone, S. Milton, M. Vellinga, A. Bodas-Salcedo, and M. Hawcroft, et al. 2016. "The impact of equilibrating hemispheric albedos on tropical performance in the HadGEM2-ES coupled climate model." Geophysical Research Letters 43. PNNL-SA-108138. doi:10.1002/2015GL066903
• Irvine P., B.S. Kravitz, M. Lawrence, and H. Muri. 2016. "An Overview of the Earth System Science of Solar Geoengineering." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change 7, no. 6:815-833. PNNL-SA-116097. doi:10.1002/wcc.423
• Kravitz B.S., A.B. Guenther, L. Gu, T. Karl, L. Kaser, S.G. Pallardy, and J. Penuelas, et al. 2016. "A new paradigm of quantifying ecosystem stress through chemical signatures." Ecosphere 7, no. 11:Article No. e01559. PNNL-SA-118472. doi:10.1002/ecs2.1559
• Kravitz B.S., D. MacMartin, H. Wang, and P.J. Rasch. 2016. "Geoengineering as a Design Problem." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 2:469-497. PNNL-SA-111779. doi:10.5194/esd-7-469-2016
• MacMartin D., and B.S. Kravitz. 2016. "Dynamic climate emulators for solar geoengineering." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 24:15789-15799. PNNL-SA-121129. doi:10.5194/acp-16-15789-2016
• MacMartin D., B.S. Kravitz, J. Long, and P.J. Rasch. 2016. "Geoengineering with stratospheric aerosols: What do we not know after a decade of research?." Earth's Future 4, no. 11:543-548. PNNL-SA-118070. doi:10.1002/2016EF000418

2015

• Kleidon A., B.S. Kravitz, and M. Renner. 2015. "The Hydrological Sensitivity to Global Warming and Solar Geoengineering Derived from Thermodynamic Constraints." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 1:138-144. PNNL-SA-103602. doi:10.1002/2014GL062589
• Kravitz B.S., A. Robock, S. Tilmes, O. Boucher, J. English, P. Irvine, and A. Jones, et al. 2015. "The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (GeoMIP6): Simulation Design and Preliminary Results." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 10:3379-3392. PNNL-SA-109342. doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3379-2015
• Kravitz B.S., D. MacMartin, P.J. Rasch, and A. Jarvis. 2015. "A New Method of Comparing Forcing Agents in Climate Models." Journal of Climate 28, no. 20:8203-8218. PNNL-SA-105400. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00663.1
• MacMartin D., B.S. Kravitz, and P.J. Rasch. 2015. "On solar geoengineering and climate uncertainty." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 17:7156-7161. PNNL-SA-110250. doi:10.1002/2015GL065391
• Moore J., A. Grinsted, X. Guo, X. Yu, S. Jevrejeva, A. Rinke, and X. Cui, et al. 2015. "Atlantic Hurricane Surge Response to Geoengineering." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 112, no. 45:13794-13799. PNNL-SA-110725. doi:10.1073/pnas.1510530112
• Tilmes S., M. Mills, U. Niemeier, H. Schmidt, A. Robock, B.S. Kravitz, and J.F. Lamarque, et al. 2015. "A New Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) Experiment Designed for Climate and Chemistry Models." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 1:43-49. PNNL-SA-103448. doi:10.5194/gmd-8-43-2015
• Yoon J., S. Wang, R.R. Gillies, B.S. Kravitz, L. Hipps, and P.J. Rasch. 2015. "Increasing water cycle extremes in California and relation to ENSO cycle under global warming." Nature Communications 6. PNNL-SA-112803. doi:10.1038/ncomms9657
• Yoon J., S. Wang, R.R. Gillies, L. Hipps, B.S. Kravitz, and P.J. Rasch. 2015. "Extreme Fire Season in California: A Glimpse Into the Future?." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 12:S5-S9. PNNL-SA-109428. doi:10.1175/BAMS-EEE_2014_ch2.1
• Yu X., J. Moore, X. Cui, A. Rinke, D. Ji, B.S. Kravitz, and J. Yoon. 2015. "Impacts, Effectiveness and Regional Inequalities of the GeoMIP G1 to G4 Solar Radiation Management Scenarios." Global and Planetary Change 129. PNNL-SA-101463. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.02.010

2014

• Berdahl M., A. Robock, D. Ji, J. Moore, A. Jones, B.S. Kravitz, and S. Watanabe. 2014. "Arctic Cryosphere Response in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project G3 and G4 Scenarios." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 3:1308-1321. PNWD-SA-10170. doi:10.1002/2013JD020627
• Curry C.L., J. Sillmann, D. Bronaugh, K. Alterskjaer, J.N. Cole, D. Ji, and B.S. Kravitz, et al. 2014. "A Multimodel Examination of Climate Extremes in an Idealized Geoengineering Experiment." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 7:3900-3923. PNWD-SA-10182. doi:10.1002/2013JD020648
• Huneeus N., O. Boucher, K. Alterskjaer, J.N. Cole, C.L. Curry, D. Ji, and A. Jones, et al. 2014. "Forcings and Feedbacks in the GeoMIP Ensemble for a Reduction in Solar Irradiance and Increase in CO2." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 9:5226-5239. PNWD-SA-10229. doi:10.1002/2013JD021110
• Irvine P., O. Boucher, B.S. Kravitz, K. Alterskjaer, J.N. Cole, D. Ji, and A. Jones, et al. 2014. "Key Factors Governing Uncertainty in the Response to Sunshade Geoengineering from a Comparison of the GeoMIP Ensemble and a Perturbed Parameter Ensemble." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 13:7946-7962. PNWD-SA-10176. doi:10.1002/2013JD020716
• Kravitz B.S., A. Robock, and O. Boucher. 2014. "Future Directions in Simulating Solar Geoengineering." Eos 95, no. 31:280. PNNL-SA-103294. doi:10.1002/2014EO310010
• Kravitz B.S., D. MacMartin, A. Robock, P.J. Rasch, K.L. Ricke, J.N. Cole, and C.L. Curry, et al. 2014. "A Multi-Model Assessment of Regional Climate Disparities Caused by Solar Geoengineering." Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 7:Article No. 074013. PNWD-SA-10200. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/074013
• Kravitz B.S., D. MacMartin, D.T. Leedal, P.J. Rasch, and A. Jarvis. 2014. "Explicit Feedback and the Management of Uncertainty in Meeting Climate Objectives with Solar Geoengineering." Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 4:Article No. 044006. PNWD-SA-10179. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044006
• Kravitz B.S., H. Wang, P.J. Rasch, H. Morrison, and A. Solomon. 2014. "Process-model Simulations of Cloud Albedo Enhancement by Aerosols in the Arctic." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. Mathematical, Physical & Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2031:Article No. 20140052. PNNL-SA-102056. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0052
• MacMartin D., B.S. Kravitz, and D. Keith. 2014. "Geoengineering: The World's Largest Control Problem." In American Control Conference (ACC 2014 ), June 4-6, 2014, Portland, Oregon, 2401-2406. Piscataway, New Jersey:IEEE. PNWD-SA-10218. doi:10.1109/ACC.2014.6858658
• MacMartin D., B.S. Kravitz, D. Keith, and A. Jarvis. 2014. "Dynamics of the Coupled Human-climate System Resulting from Closed-loop Control of Solar Geoengineering." Climate Dynamics 43, no. 1-2:243-258. PNNL-SA-92912. doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1822-9
• Moore J., A. Rinke, X. Yu, D. Ji, X. Cui, Y.H. Li, and K. Alterskjaer, et al. 2014. "Arctic Sea Ice and Atmospheric Circulation under the GeoMIP G1 Scenario." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 2:567-583. PNWD-SA-10156. doi:10.1002/2013JD021060
• Pitari G., V. Aquila, B.S. Kravitz, A. Robock, S. Watanabe, I. Cionni, and N. De Luca, et al. 2014. "Stratospheric Ozone Response to Sulfate Geoengineering: Results from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 5:2629-2653. PNWD-SA-10162. doi:10.1002/2013JD020566
• Xia L., A. Robock, J.N. Cole, C.L. Curry, D. Ji, A. Jones, and B.S. Kravitz, et al. 2014. "Solar Radiation Management Impacts on Agriculture in China: A Case Study in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 14:8695-8711. PNWD-SA-10177. doi:10.1002/2013JD020630

2013

• Jones A., J. Haywood, K. Alterskjaer, O. Boucher, J.N. Cole, C.L. Curry, and P. Irvine, et al. 2013. "The Impact of Abrupt Suspension of Solar Radiation Management (Termination Effect) in Experiment G2 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 17:9743-9752. PNNL-SA-94600. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50762
• Kravitz B.S. 2013. "Climate Engineering with Stratospheric Aerosols and Associated Engineering Parameters." In Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2012 Symposium, September 13-15, 2012, Warren, Michigan, 29-35. Washington Dc:National Academies Press. PNNL-SA-92524.
• Kravitz B.S., A. Robock, and P. Irvine. 2013. "Robust Results from Climate Model Simulations of Geoengineering." Eos 94, no. 33:292. PNWD-SA-10104. doi:10.1002/2013EO330005
• Kravitz B.S., A. Robock, P. Forster, J. Haywood, M.G. Lawrence, and H. Schmidt. 2013. "An Overview of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 23:13,103-13,107. PNWD-SA-10150. doi:10.1002/2013JD020569
• Kravitz B.S., K. Caldeira, O. Boucher, A. Robock, P.J. Rasch, K. Alterskjaer, and D. Bou Karam, et al. 2013. "Climate Model Response from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 15:8320-8332. PNNL-SA-89208. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50646
• Kravitz B.S., P. Forster, A. Jones, A. Robock, K. Alterskjaer, O. Boucher, and A. Jenkins, et al. 2013. "Sea Spray Geoengineering Experiments in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP): Experimental Design and Preliminary Results." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 19:11,175-11,186. PNWD-SA-10135. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50856
• Kravitz B.S., P.J. Rasch, P. Forster, T. Andrews, J.N. Cole, P. Irvine, and D. Ji, et al. 2013. "An Energetic Perspective on Hydrologic Cycle Changes in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 23:13,087-13,102. PNWD-SA-10157. doi:10.1002/2013JD020502
• Robock A., and B.S. Kravitz. 2013. "Use of models, analogs, and field-tests for geoengineering research." In Geoengineering Our Climate: Ethics, Politics and Governance. Opnion Article, Geoengineering Our Climate Working Paper and Opinion Article Series. London:Earthscan from Routledge. PNWD-SA-10227.
• Schneider K., J. Silverman, B.S. Kravitz, T. Rivlin, A. Schneider-Mor, S. Barbosa, and M. Byrne, et al. 2013. "Inorganic Carbon Turnover caused by Digestion of Carbonate Sands and Metabolic Activity of Holothurians." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 133. PNNL-SA-92118. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2013.08.029
• Tilmes S., J. Fasullo, J. Lamarque, J. Lamarque, D. Marsh, M. Mills, and K. Alterskjaer, et al. 2013. "The Hydrological Impact of Geoengineering in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, no. 19:11,036-11,058. PNNL-SA-93247. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50868